API TR 981-2021 pdf free download

API TR 981-2021 pdf free download.Thermal Expansion Under Load and Creep of Refractories—An Evaluation and Comparison of Testing Methods.
1 Scope 1.1 This report documents the results of thermal expansion under load (TEUL) and creep in compression testing conducted by ASTM C832 and DIN 993–9 (same test as ISO 3187). 1.2 The prime objective for this study is to determine if one or both tests should replace the ASTM C16 method. ASTM C16, modifed from 1.5-hour to 100-hour hold, has been widely used to qualify brick for sulfur reaction furnace use. In addition to deformation after 100 hours, the creep tests will provide additional information of TEUL and evidence of mineralogical changes during their early life cycle in process operation. 1.3 The second objective for this study is to better defne a refractory specifcation protocol for premium brick used at high temperatures while supporting a load. Hold temperature in this testing was 1600 °C (3000 °F). This temperature is designed to simulate operating conditions of oxygen-boosted thermal reactors, as well those occurring during over-temperature excursions. 1.4 Orton Memorial Laboratory was selected to do all testing, as this laboratory can test both DIN and ASTM specimens in the same furnaces. Orton used a laser non-contact measurement method for both the ASTM and DIN samples. This allowed an evaluation only of the laser method while still facilitating evaluations of diferences in heating rates, applied compressive load, and hold-time durations. 2 Reference Documents M. K. Ferber, A. A. Weresczak, and J. G. Hemrick, “Final Technical Report – Compressive Creep and Thermophysical Performance of Refractory Materials,” ORNL/TM-2005/134, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (2006). S. Jin, H. Harmuth, and D. Gruber, “ Compressive Creep Testing of Refractories at Elevated Loads – Device, Material Law, and Evaluation Techniques,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 34 ( 2014) 4037-4042. O. Buyukozturk and T. Tseng, “ Thermomechanical Creep Behavior of Refractory Concrete Linings,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 65 [6] ( 1982) 301-307.) S. Samadi, S. Jin, D. Gruber, H. Harmuth,
3.4 Testing Procedures to Normalize Results A total of 15 commonly used high-temperature brick products for SRU applications were tested via ASTM C832 and DIN EN 993-9 at the Orton Materials Testing and Research Center in Columbus, Ohio. Because of similarities between the tests, all four of their furnace test units were designed to test both ASTM prism and DIN cylindrical specimens using the diferent loads and heating cycles required in the standards, as defned in Table 1. For the purposes of normalizing the testing, the fnal hold temperatures were set at the same 1650 °C (3000 °F) temperature for a duration of 100 hours, with the control thermocouple positioned outside the specimen as per the ASTM test. This diference is believed to be small, as it is only a matter of ~25 mm as compared with the DIN standard. The DIN method has had some problems with the pushrods deforming at very high temperatures and giving questionable results. Therefore, all testing was done by Orton using the non-contact laser measurement system. For each brand tested, two C832 and two DIN EN 993-9 tests were conducted on specimens cut from the same brick, as shown in Figure 5. Two bricks of each brand were tested to judge repeatability based on a sample of four bricks selected by the manufacturer—two to send to Orton for testing and two spares.
5 Discussion of Results Test results may be categorized in several ways: — materials following the stylized creep; — materials showing expansive tendency; — materials so stable and creep-resistant that there is little or no initial creep, and steady state creep started after a short holding time; — materials with high creep from maximum dilation to 50-hour hold, but low creep from 50- to 100-hour hold. Examples of each are discussed below 5.1 Example of Material Following Stylized Creep Figure 8 shows the actual graphs from Orton for TEUL, creep, and HHC of Company 7, Brand A, Brick 2, ASTM. The TEUL curve is fairly straight except for a dogleg at 300 °C to 400 °C. Steady state creep begins at ~40 hours of hold. The HHC curve shows the creep at temperature and the dilation diference are nearly identical, indicating no expansive tendency. Some of the Orton results were digitized so that multiple curves could be shown on the same graph. Figure 9 is a graph composed of results of the same Brick 2 as above, with ASTM and DIN results together for easier comparison. Although the curves are not exactly superimposed, the total creep, creep rate, and 50- to 100-hour creep are almost identical. This was not the case for all brick.